Discovered on January 26, 1905, the Cullinan diamond is the largest rough gem-quality diamond ever found, weighing an astonishing 3,106 carats (621.20 grams). The diamond was unearthed at the Premier No. 2 mine near Pretoria, South Africa, by Frederick Wells, an inspector of the mining company. The enormous gem was named after Thomas Cullinan, the mine's chairman.
Due to its immense size and value, the Cullinan diamond garnered significant attention worldwide. After its discovery, the Transvaal Colony government purchased the diamond and decided to gift it to King Edward VII of the United Kingdom as a token of loyalty. Before its transport to London, the stone was split into nine major stones and many smaller fragments, all of varying sizes and clarity. The polished gems are now part of the British Crown Jewels and other royal collections.
The largest of these, the Cullinan I or "Great Star of Africa," weighs 530.2 carats and is set in the head of the Sovereign's Sceptre with Cross. The second largest, the Cullinan II or the "Lesser Star of Africa," at 317.4 carats, adorns the Imperial State Crown. Both of these stones are on display at the Tower of London and are major draws for visitors.
Beyond their historical importance, these diamonds are masterpieces of cutting and polishing. The skills involved in fashioning stones from the rough Cullinan diamond showcased the advancements in gem-processing techniques of the period, which have continued to evolve today. Such pieces not only underline the wealth and status of their owners but also serve to highlight the enduring allure and fascination with diamonds that continues globally. The story of the Cullinan diamond remains one of the most significant chapters in the annals of gemology.